Shakespeare's Changeling

Lord Oxford’s life is well documented. From the time he was four and a half years old, he was educated by Sir Thomas Smith in the full spectrum of subjects studied by the nobility in Renaissance England. At 12, he endured the sudden and traumatic death of his father, followed by the hasty remarriage of his mother. When his older half-sister sued to nullify his inheritance and have him declared a bastard, he wrote a poem (still extant) expressing his fear over the loss of his good name. As an orphan, he became a royal ward in the home of Sir William Cecil, Queen Elizabeth’s powerful advisor. Cecil kept a tight hold on Oxford’s fortune and eventually married his daughter to him, most likely to secure himself some noble grandchildren and increase the family fortunes when he became Lord Burghley by virtue of his daughter’s union. But Lord Oxford’s outrageous behavior and flamboyant antics caused serious problems for Lord Burghley. For example, the   robbery Oxford staged at Gad’s Hill is described in The Famous Victories of Henry V (with precise details known only by its “anonymous” author) and in Shakespeare’s Henry IV,  Part I. This robbery is the subject of a still-surviving letter written by the victims to Burghley complaining of the unsavory conduct of Oxford’s yeomen who had attacked them. Modern Shakespearean commentators never acknowledge the existence of this letter as a key source for the first scene in Henry IV, Part I because it represents a personal experience from Oxford’s life reflected in a Shakespeare play. There are many other such connections. And as we all know, scandals among the rich and famous are reason enough for a cover-up, especially among disapproving relatives, the Queen of England and the government itself.

Lord Oxford wrote poetry and produced masques in the Elizabethan court. By all accounts he was an excellent musician, dancer, champion of the tilt-yard, scholar and philosopher. Childhood samples of his literary efforts still exist. Many books were dedicated to him, and he was praised as a writer in The Arte of English Poesy and The English Secretary. Perhaps this public exposure, not desirable for a member of the nobility, is another reason for the use of a pseudonym.