During puberty, both girls and boys are identified as members of the Shilluk tribe. (The Sudanese do not find the word “tribe” offensive, though some other Africans do. Therefore, I will occasionally use this term since it is how the Sudanese describe themselves.) Someone inserts a curved fishhook into the skin on the forehead and pulls the skin away from the skull. Then they use a sharp knife to cut off the end of the flesh where the hook is. They repeat this process across the forehead, in about ten or more places. They rub ashes into the wounds so they will scar. The first scarring is usually flat, but they can repeat the whole process until the scars stand up in a point an eighth to a quarter-inch high, or should I say long. Anyway, you get the idea. Several generations ago, they made two rows of scars across the forehead. During this entire process, the boy or girl should never cry out or show they are in pain. If they do, they are deemed to be cowards and no one will want to marry them. Nothing like a critical audience to up the pressure!
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